Foundations
A complete guide to peptides — definition, types (collagen, bioactive, neuropeptides, hormones), how they work, and what they are used for.
An introduction to research peptides — what they are, how they work, and how they differ from pharmaceutical drugs.
How peptides work as biological signaling molecules — receptor binding, signal transduction, and the six main research categories.
Step-by-step guide to peptide reconstitution, injection technique, and storage for laboratory research.
Complete step-by-step protocol with concentration calculations, storage guidelines, and troubleshooting.
What collagen peptides are, Types I/II/III, clinical evidence for skin, joints & bone, bovine vs. marine sources, and dosing guidance.
The chemistry of peptide bonds — definition, formation mechanism, partial double-bond character, and why it matters for research peptide stability and administration.
How peptide therapy works as a clinical modality — FDA-approved applications, investigational uses, and how it differs from self-administered research use.
Safety, Legality & Sourcing
Purity standards, receptor selectivity, and a compound-by-compound safety profile for the most researched peptides.
Regulatory status of research peptides in the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and WADA compliance for athletes.
The biochemical and mechanistic differences between peptides and anabolic steroids — structure, receptors, and HPTA effects.
How to evaluate research peptide suppliers — COA documentation, HPLC purity standards, and red flags to avoid.
Adverse effects of research peptides by body system — endocrine, cardiovascular, injection site, and compound-specific risks with severity ratings.
Which peptides have FDA approval, which don't, what the 2023 compounding guidance changed, and what FDA approval actually means.
Compound Guides
Melanocortin receptor agonist — mechanism, FDA warning history, comparison with bremelanotide (PT-141), side effects, and regulatory status by jurisdiction.
GHRH analogue with a unique FDA approval history (Geref, 1997–2008) — mechanism, comparison with CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin, and research applications in GH deficiency and aging.
Endogenous tripeptide that modulates 4,000+ genes — collagen synthesis, hair growth, wound healing, and systemic anti-aging research with 4 PubMed citations.
Mechanism-based review of Semax, Selank, Dihexa, BPC-157, NAD+, and Epithalon — BDNF/NGF upregulation, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmitter modulation with 4 PubMed citations.
Metabolic & Fat Loss
Mechanism-based ranking of the most researched fat loss peptides — GLP-1, AOD-9604, CJC-1295, and more.
Generation-by-generation breakdown of GLP-1, GLP-2, semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide.
Phase II NEJM data analysis for the triple agonist with 24.2% weight loss at 48 weeks.
The mitochondria-derived peptide that activates AMPK and mimics exercise — mechanism and research.
Muscle Growth & Recovery
Evidence-ranked guide to the most researched peptides for anabolic signaling and muscle hypertrophy.
An overview of the GH axis, IGF-1, and how peptides influence muscle protein synthesis.
Side-by-side comparison of the two most researched recovery peptides — mechanisms, evidence, and use cases.
Anti-Aging & Longevity
Research-backed guide to the most studied longevity peptides — Epithalon, GHK-Cu, Thymosin Alpha-1, and more.
How DSIP, Selank, and other peptides influence sleep architecture, cortisol, and overnight recovery.
Mechanism-based review of peptides most relevant to women's health — skin collagen, body composition, bone density, hormonal balance, and cognitive function.
Research-backed guide to peptides most relevant to male physiology — testosterone axis, muscle hypertrophy, visceral fat reduction, injury recovery, sexual health, and cognitive performance.