A 16-amino acid mitochondria-derived peptide that activates AMPK signaling, mimics the metabolic effects of exercise, and is studied for its roles in insulin sensitivity, fatty acid oxidation, and age-related metabolic decline.
What Is MOTS-c?
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c) is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial genome — making it one of the few known peptides with mitochondrial rather than nuclear DNA origin.
Mechanism of Action
MOTS-c's primary mechanism involves the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the cell's master energy sensor. AMPK is activated when the AMP:ATP ratio rises — a signal that cellular energy is depleted — triggering fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake.
Key Research Findings
MOTS-c administration improved insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by 40% compared to controls, with effects comparable to metformin. Exercise increases circulating MOTS-c levels, suggesting it may mediate some of exercise's metabolic benefits.