A comprehensive reference for the five most-researched longevity and anti-aging peptides — mechanisms of action, molecular aging targets, stacking protocols, and clinical evidence summaries.
The Molecular Hallmarks of Aging: A Research Framework
Since López-Otín et al. published their landmark 'Hallmarks of Aging' framework in 2013 (updated in 2023 to 12 hallmarks), researchers have identified the specific molecular mechanisms that drive cellular senescence, tissue dysfunction, and organismal aging.
The Five Core Longevity Peptides
Epithalon (telomere regulation), MOTS-c (mitochondrial signaling), SS-31 (cardiolipin stabilization), NAD+ (sirtuin activation), GHK-Cu (gene expression modulation). Each profile includes molecular target, mechanism, primary research applications, and key study reference.
Aging Hallmarks Coverage Matrix
Which longevity peptide addresses which aging hallmark — with evidence strength ratings from Human RCT to Theoretical/Expert Opinion across telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and deregulated nutrient sensing.